STUDIES FINDING LINKS BETWEEN PFOA EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS
| DATE | PUBLICATION | SPONSOR | POPULATION STUDIED | ADVERSE HUMAN HEALTH EFFECT FOUND |
| I. LIPIDS | ||||
| 12/22/78 | DuPont Internal Report – “Chambers Works Fluorosulfactant Study” | DuPont | DuPont NJ Fluoroproducts Workers | Increased incidence of metabolic disorders |
| 1996 | Gilliland, F.D. & Mandel, J.S., “Serum Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Hepatic Enzymes, Lipoproteins, and Cholesterol: A Study of Occupationally Exposed Men,” 29 Amer. J. Indus. Med. 560-68 (1996) | Univ. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Altered HDL dependant on alcohol & obesity levels |
| 2000 | Olsen, G.W., et al., “Plasma Cholecystokinin and Hepatic Enzymes, Cholesterol and Lipoproteins in Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate Production Workers,” 23 Drug & Chem. Toxicol. (4) 603-20 (2000) | 3M | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Decreased CCK |
| 3/03 | Olsen, G.W., et al., “Epidemiologic Assessment of Worker Serum Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) Concentrations and Medical Surveillance Examinations,” 45 J.O.E.M. (3) 260-70 (March 2003) | 3M | 3M Belgium/Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased triglycerides
Increased cholesterol |
| 8/04 | Olsen, G.W., et al., “Analysis of Episodes of Care in a Perfluorooctanesulfonyl Fluoride Production Facility,” 46 J. Occup. Environ. Med. (8) (Aug. 2004) | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased episodes of care for:
•- disorders of lipid metabolism – cholelithiasis |
| 9/7/04 | MIC Letter to USEPA Regarding Mitini Meeting Data | Mitini (Italy) | Mitini Italian PFOA Workers | Increased total cholesterol
Increased non-HDL cholesterol |
| 1/10/05 | DuPont Press Releases/Slides Regarding First-Phase Worker Health Study Results Examining PFOA Exposure | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased total cholesterol
Increased LDL Increased triglycerides |
| 8/06 | Emmett, E.A., et al., “Community Exposure to Perfluorooctanoate: Relationships Between Serum Levels and Certain Health Parameters,” 48 J.O.E.M. (8) 771-779 (Aug. 2006) | Univ. Penn. | Little Hocking OH Water Customers | Increased cholesterol |
| 6/07 | Olsen, G.W. & Zobel, L.R., “Assessment of lipid, hepatic, and thyroid parameters with serum perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations in fluorochemical workers,” Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health (doi:10.1007/s00420-007-0213-0) (on-line 6/07) | 3M | 3M Alabama/Belgium/
Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers |
Decreased HDL
Increased triglycerides |
| 8/07 | Sakr, C.J., et al., “Longitudinal Study of Serum Lipids and Liver Enzymes in Workers With Occupational Exposure to Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate,” 49 J.O.E.M. (8) 872-79 (Aug. 2007) | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased total cholesterol |
| 10/07 | Sakr, C.J., et al., “Cross-Sectional Study of Lipids and Liver Enzymes Related to a Serum Biomarker of Exposure (ammonium perfluorooctanoate or APFO) as Part of a General Health Survey in a Cohort of Occupationally Exposed Workers,” 49 J.O.E.M. (10) 1086-96 (Oct. 2007) | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased total cholesterol
Increased LDL Increased VLDL |
| 2008 | WVU Slides From On-Line Presentation | WVU | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased total cholesterol-children |
| 12/29/08 | Lin, C-Y, et al., “Association Among Serum Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals, Glucose Homeostasis and Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents and Adults,” Diabetes Care (on-line Dec. 28, 2008) | Taiwan Hospital | General U.S. Population | Increased B cell function (associated with glucose homeostasis and metabolic syndrome) |
| 3/09 | Costa, G., et al., “Thirty Years of Medical Surveillance in Perfluorooctanoic Acid Production Workers,” 51 J.O.E.M. (3) 1-9 (March 2009) | Mitini | Mitini Italian PFOA Workers | Increased total cholesterol |
| 10/21/09 | Steenland, K., et al., “Association of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate With Serum Lipids Among Adults Living Near a Chemical Plant,” Amer. J. Epidem. (doi:10.1093/aje/kwp279) (on-line Oct. 21, 2009) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (Adults) | Increased total cholesterol
Increased LDL Increased non-HDL Increased triglycerides |
| 11/2/09 | Nelson, J.W., et al., “Exposure to Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals and Cholesterol, Body Weight, and Insulin Resistance in the General U.S. Population,” Environ. Health Persp. (doi:10.1289/ehp.0901165) (online Nov. 2, 2009) | Boston Univ. | General U.S. Population | Increased total cholesterol
Increased non-HDL cholesterol |
| 9/7/10 | Frisbee, S.J., et al., “Perfluorooctanoic Acid, Perfluorooctanesulfonate, and Serum Lipids in Children and Adolescents,” 164 Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. (9) 860-69 (Sept. 2010) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (Children) | Increased total cholesterol
Increased LDL Increased HDL |
| 5/10/12 | C-8 Science Panel Status Report: “Infections, obesity and clinical markers in children in relation to PFOA serum level during pregnancy in mothers in the Mid-Ohio Valley” | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased LDL and decreased insulin associated with prenatal exposure |
| 8/3/12 | Wang, J., et al., “Association of perfluorooctanoic acid with HDL cholesterol and circulating miR-26b and miR-199-3p in workers of a fluorochemical plant and nearby residents,” Environ. Science & Techn. (doi: 10.1021/es300906q) (on-line Aug. 3, 2012) | Chinese Researchers | Chinese Fluorochemical Workers and Nearby Residents | Decreased HDL-C
Increased miR-26b Increased miR-199a-3p |
| 8/12 | C-8 Science Panel ISEE 2012 Presentation Slides: “Gene expression and epigenetic modification in lipid regulating genes in relation to PFOA and PFOS,” (ISEE August 2012 conference slides) | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Decreased NR1H2 (Liver receptor B; LXRB) transcript levels (gene involved in lipid metabolism) |
| 10/26/12 | C-8 Science Panel Probable Link Report: “Probable Link Evaluation for heart disease (including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, coronary artery disease)” | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased hypercholesterolemia/probable link |
| 2/18/13 | Erikson, K.T., et al., “Association between Plasma PFOA and PFOS Levels and Total Cholesterol in a Middle-Aged Danish Population,” PLoS ONE 8(2) (doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056969) (on-line Feb. 18, 2013) | Danish Cancer Soc. | General Danish Population (50-65 year olds) | Increased total cholesterol |
| 7/13 | Fitz-Simon, N., et al., “Reductions in Serum Lipids with a 4-year Decline in Serum Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid,” 24 Epidem. (4) 1-8 (July 2013) | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Decreased LDL associated with decreased PFOA |
| 11/13 | Geiger, S.D., et al., “The association between PFOA, PFOS and serum lipid levels,” Chemosphere (on-line 11/13) | WVU and Other Researchers | General U.S. Population (12-18 year olds) | Increased total cholesterol
Increased LDL-C |
| 5/14 | Fu, Y., et al., “Associations between serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and serum lipid levels in a Chinese population,” 106 Ecotoxicology & Environ. Safety 246-52 (2014) | Chinese Researchers | General Chinese Population | Increased total cholesterol
Increased LDL-C |
| 9/26/14 | Winquist, A. & Steenland, K., “Modeled PFOA Exposure and Coronary Artery Disease, Hypertension, and High Cholesterol in Community and Worker Cohorts,” Environ. Health Perspec. ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307943) (on-line Sept. 26, 2014) | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population/DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased cholesterol |
| 159 | Zeng, X.W., et al., “Association of polyfluoroalkyl chemical exposure with serum lipids in children,” 512-513C Sci. Total Environ. 364-70 (Jan. 29, 2015) | Taiwanese Researchers | General Taiwanese Population (Children Aged 12-15) | Increased total cholesterol
Increased LDL Increased triglycerides Decreased HDL |
| 162 | Maisonet, M., et al., “Prenatal exposures to perfluoroalkyl acids and serum lipids at ages 7 and 15 in females,” 82 Environ. Int’l 49-60 (May 23, 2015) | U.K/U.S. Researchers | General U.K. Population (Females) | Prenatal exposure may effect later life lipid levels |
| 168 | Braun, J. M., et al., “Prenatal Perfluoroalkyl Substance Exposure and Child Adiposity at 8 years of Age: The HOME Study,” Obesity J. (doi: 10.1002/oby.21258) (on-line Nov. 11, 2015) | Brown Univ. | General U.S. Population (Children in Ohio and Kentucky) | Increased adiposity at age 8 and more rapid increase in BMI between ages 2-8 |
| II. URIC ACID | ||||
| 1/10/05 | DuPont Press Releases/Slides Regarding First-Phase Worker Health Study Results Examining PFOA Exposure | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased uric acid |
| 3/09 | Costa, G., et al., “Thirty Years of Medical Surveillance in Perfluorooctanoic Acid Production Workers,” 51 J.O.E.M. (3) 1-9 (March 2009) | Mitini | Mitini Italian PFOA Workers | Increased uric acid |
| 10/22/09 | Steenland, K., et al., “Association of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) with Uric Acid Among Adults with Elevated Community Exposure to PFOA,” Environ. Health Persp. (doi:10.1289/ehp.0900940) (on-line Oct. 22, 2009) | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (adults) | Increased uric acid |
| 9/11 | Shankar, A., Xiao, J., & Ducatman, A., “Perfluoroalkyl chemicals and elevated serum uric acid in US adults,” 3 Clin. Epidem. 251-58 (Sept. 2011) | WVU | General U.S. Population | Increased uric acid |
| 4/3/13 | Geiger, S.D., Xiao, J., & Shankar, A., “Positive Association Between Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals and Hyperuricemia in Children,” Am. J. Epidem. (doi: 10.1093/aje/kws392) (on-line April 3, 2013) | Univ. Wisc. | General U.S. Population (Children) | Increased hyperuricemia |
| 3/10/16 | Qin, X.D., et al., “Positive associations of serum perfluoroalkyl substances with uric acid and hyperuricemia in children from Taiwan,” J. Env. Pollution (doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.050) (on-line March 10, 2016) | Taiwanese Researchers | General Taiwan Population (Children 12-15) | Increased serum uric acid in boys |
| III. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (IHD) | ||||
| 8/04 | Olsen, G.W., et al., “Analysis of Episodes of Care in a Perfluorooctanesulfonyl Fluoride Production Facility,” 46 J. Occup. Environ. Med. (8) (Aug. 2004) | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased episodes of care for:
•- coronary disease •- cardiac arrest •- hypertension |
| 8/07 | Leonard, R.C., et al., “Retrospective Cohort Mortality Study of Workers in a Polymer Production Plant Including a Reference Population of Regional Workers,” J. Ann. Epidem. (doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.06.011) (on-line Aug. 2007) | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased IHD mortality |
| 2008 | Anderson-Mahoney, P., et al., “Self-Reported Health Effects Among Community Residents Exposed to Perfluorooctanoate,” 18 New Solutions (2) 129-43 (2008) | UCLA | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased self-reports of angina |
| 6/23/09 | Sakr, C.J., et al., “Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality Study among Workers with Occupational Exposure to Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate,” Occup. Environ. Med. (doi:10.1136/oem.2008.041582) (on-line June 24, 2009) | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased IHD deaths at longest exposure categories |
| 5/31/12 | Min, J-Y, et al., “Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure is associated with elevated homocysteine and hypertension in US adults,” Occup. Environ. Med. (doi: 10.1136/oemed-2011-100288) (on-line May 31, 2012) | Korean Univ. | General U.S. Population | Increased homocysteine and systolic blood pressure/hypertension |
| 9/3/12 | Shankar, A., Xiao, J., & Ducatman, A., “Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Cardiovascular Disease,” Arch. Internal Med. (doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3393) (on-line Sept. 3, 2012) | WVU | General U.S. Population | Increased cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Increased peripheral arterial disease (PAD) |
| IV. CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE (STROKE/MI) | ||||
| 3/30/81 | DuPont Internal Report – “Study of Myocardial Infarction Incidence and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Rates at Washington Works” | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased MI incidence among foremen |
| 4/26/01 | Univ. Minn. Internal Report – “Mortality Study of Workers Employed at the 3M Cottage Grove Facility” | Univ. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased death from cerebrovascular disease |
| 2008 | Anderson-Mahoney, P., et al., “Self-Reported Health Effects Among Community Residents Exposed to Perfluorooctanoate,” 18 New Solutions (2) 129-43 (2008) | UCLA | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased self reports of MI
Increased self reports of stroke |
| 11/09 | Lundin, J.I., et al., “Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate Production and Occupational Mortality,” 20 J. Epidem. (6) 921-28 (Nov. 2009) | 3M/Univ. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased cerebrovascular disease death |
| 10/13 | Simpson, C., et al., “Relation between perfluorooctanoic acid exposure and strokes in a large cohort living near a chemical plant,” J. Environ. Research ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2013.10.002) (on-line Oct. 2013) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased stroke incidence, except for highest exposure levels |
| V. DIABETES | ||||
| 8/04 | Olsen, G.W., et al., “Analysis of Episodes of Care in a Perfluorooctanesulfonyl Fluoride Production Facility,” 46 J. Occup. Environ. Med. (8) (Aug. 2004) | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased episodes of care for diabetes |
| 8/07 | Leonard, R.C., et al., “Retrospective Cohort Mortality Study of Workers in a Polymer Production Plant Including a Reference Population of Regional Workers,” J. Ann. Epidem. (doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.06.011) (on-line Aug. 2007) | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased diabetes mortality |
| 12/29/08 | Lin, C-Y, et al., “Association Among Serum Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals, Glucose Homeostasis and Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents and Adults,” Diabetes Care (on-line Dec. 28, 2008) | Taiwan Hospital | General U.S. Population | Increased B cell function
(associated with glucose homeostasis and metabolic syndrome) |
| 11/09 | Lundin, J.I., et al., “Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate Production and Occupational Mortality,” 20 J. Epidem. (6) 921-28 (Nov. 2009) | 3M/Univ. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased diabetes death |
| 11/13 | Lind, L., et al., “Circulating levels of perfluoroalkyl substances and prevalent diabetes in the elderly,” Diabetologia (doi: 10.1007/s0013-3126-3) (on-line 11/13) | Swedish Researchers | General Swedish Population Age 70 | Increased diabetes prevalence |
| 1/19/15 | Steenland, K, et al, “A cohort incidence study of workers exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA,” Occup. Environ. Med. (doi: 10.1136/0emed-2014-102364) (on-line Jan. 19, 2015) | C8 Science Panel | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased type 2 diabetes |
| VI. CANCER | ||||
| 2/80 | Schuman, L. M. & Mandel, J. S., “An Epidemiologic Mortality Study of Employees at the Chemolite Plant” (Internal 3M Report) | 3M | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased following forms of cancer among males working more than 6 months in Chemical Division:
– Esophogus – Larynx – Skin – Prostate – Testis |
| 10/92 | Ph.D. Thesis: Gilliland, F., “Fluorocarbons and Human Health: Studies in an Occupational Cohort” | U. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased leukocyte counts
Increased prostate cancer deaths in long exposure group |
| 9/93 | Gilliland, F.D. & Mandel, J.S., “Mortality Among Employees of a Perfluorooctanoic Acid Production Plant,” 35 J.O.E.M. (9) 950-54 (Sept. 1993) | U. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased prostate cancer deaths in high exposure group |
| 2003 | Alexander, B.H., et al., “Mortality of employees of a perfluorooctanesulphonyl fluoride manufacturing facility,” 60 J. Occup. Environ. Med. 722-29 (2003) | U. Minn. | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased bladder cancer deaths
Increased liver cancer deaths |
| 8/04 | Olsen, G.W., et al., “Analysis of Episodes of Care in a Perfluorooctanesulfonyl Fluoride Production Facility,” 46 J. Occup. Environ. Med. (8) (Aug. 2004) | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased episodes of care for:
•- Malignant colon neoplasm •- Malignant rectum neoplasm •- Malignant neoplasm of lower respiratory tract •- Malignant skin melanoma •- Malignant prostate neoplasm – Benign colonic polyps |
| 10/04 | Dahlgren, J., et al., “Prevalence and Incidence of Cancer in Populations Exposed to Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA),” Arch. Environ. Health [accepted for publication 10/04 but never published] | UCLA | WV/OH C8 Community
DuPont WV PFOA Workers |
Increased self-reported prevalence of:
•- Uterine/cervical cancer •- Multiple myeloma •- Lung cancer •- Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma •- Bladder cancer •- Colon/rectal cancer Increased bladder cancer Increased kidney cancer Increased prostate cancer |
| 11/04-
2/05 |
Dahlgren, J., et al., Abstracts/Presentation Charts | UCLA | WW/OH C8 Community
DuPont WV PFOA Workers |
Increased self-reported cervical/uterine cancer
Increased self-reported prostate cancer Increased self-reported breast cancer Increased prostate cancer |
| 3/1/06 | WV Dept. Health Report: “Examination of Community Concerns about Water Contamination with Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Related Chemicals Using Population-based Cancer Registry Data” | WV Dept. Health | Wood/Mason Cty WV General Population | Increased prostate cancer incidence
Increased leukemia incidence Increased non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence Increased cutaneous melanoma |
| 11/06 | LeMasters, G.K., et al., “Cancer Risk Among Firefighters: A Review amd Meta-analysis of 32 Studies,” 48 J.O.E.M. (11) 1189-1202 (Nov. 2006) | Univ. Cincinnati | Firefighters (PFOA not directly measured) | Increased risk of multiple myeloma
Increased risk of non-Hodgkins lymphoma Increased risk of prostate cancer Increased risk of testicular cancer |
| 8/07 | Leonard, R.C., et al., “Retrospective Cohort Mortality Study of Workers in a Polymer Production Plant Including a Reference Population of Regional Workers,” J. Ann. Epidem. (doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.06.011) (on-line Aug. 2007) | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased death from kidney cancer |
| 4/7/09 | Eriksen, K.T., et al., “Perfluorooctanoate and Perfluorooctanesulfonate Plasma Levels and Risk of Cancer in the General Danish Population,” 101 J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 605-609 (2009) | Danish Cancer Society | General Danish Population | Increased risk of pancreatic cancer in highest exposure group |
| 11/09 | Lundin, J.I., et al., “Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate Production and Occupational Mortality,” 20 J. Epidem. (6) 921-28 (Nov. 2009) | 3M/Univ. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased prostate cancer death |
| 10/18/12 | Steenland, K. & Woskie, S., “Cohort Mortality Study of Workers Exposed to Perfluorooctanoic Acid,” Am. J. Epidem. (doi: 10.1093/aje/kws171) (on-line Oct. 18, 2012) | C8 Science Panel | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased death from kidney cancer |
| 10/6/11 | Bonefeld-Jorgensen, E. C., et al., “Perfluorinated compounds are related to breast cancer risk in Greenland Inuit: A case control study,” 10:88 Environ. Health 2011 (doi:10.1186/1476-069X-10-88) (on-line 10/6/11) | Aarhus Univ. (Denmark) | General Greelandic Inuit Population | Increased risk of breast cancer |
| 4/15/12 | C-8 Science Panel Probable Link Report: “Probable Link Evaluation of Cancer” | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population/DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased kidney cancer/probable link
Increased testicular cancer/probable link |
| 1/8/13 | Vieira, V.M., et al., “Perfluorooctanoic Acid Exposure and Cancer Outcomes in a Contaminated Community: A Geographic Analysis,” Environ. Health Perspec. ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205829) (on-line Jan. 8, 2013) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased testicular cancer
Increased kidney cancer Increased prostate cancer Increased ovarian cancer Increased Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma |
| 7/4/13 | Consonni, D., et al., “Cancer Risk Among Tetrafluoroethylene Synthesis and Polymerization Workers,” Am. J. Epidem. (DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws588) (on-line July 4, 2013) | Italian Researchers | U.S./European Fluorochemical Workers (Including DuPont WV PFOA Workers) | Increased liver cancer
Increased kidney cancer Increased leukemia |
| 12/13 | Barry, V., Winquist, A., & Steenland, K., “Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Exposures and Incident Cancers among Adults Living Near a Chemical Plant,” 121 Environ. Health Perspec. 1313-1318 (Dec. 2013) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population/DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased kidney cancer
Increased testicular cancer |
| 5/15/14 | Raleigh, K.K., et al., “Mortality and cancer incidence in ammonium perfluorooctanoate production workers,” Occup. Environ. Med. (doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102109) (on-line May 15, 2014) | 3M | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Production Workers | Increased bladder cancer
Increased pancreatic cancer |
| 1/19/15 | Steenland, K., et al., “A cohort incidence study of workers exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA),” Occup. Environ. Med. (doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102364) (on-line Jan. 19, 2015) | C8 Science Panel | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased prostate cancer |
| VII. IMMUNE FUNCTION | ||||
| 12/22/78 | DuPont Internal Report – “Chambers Works Fluorosulfactant Study” | DuPont | DuPont NJ Fluoroproducts Workers | Increased incidence of allergic disorders |
| 8/06 | Emmett, E.A., et al., “Community Exposure to Perfluorooctanoate: Relationships Between Serum Levels and Certain Health Parameters,” 48 J.O.E.M. (8) 771-779 (Aug. 2006)] | Univ. Penn. | Little Hocking OH Water Customers | Increased monocyte count |
| 2008 | WVU Slides From On-Line Presentation | WVU | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Decreased CRP
Decreased IG |
| 3/09 | Costa, G., et al., “Thirty Years of Medical Surveillance in Perfluorooctanoic Acid Production Workers,” 51 J.O.E.M. (3) 1-9 (March 2009) | Mitini (Italy) | Mitini Italian PFOA Workers | Increased IgA
Increased globulins |
| 3/16/09 | C-8 Science Panel Status Report: “PFOA and immune biomarkers in adults exposed to PFOA in drinking water in the mid Ohio Valley” | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Decreased lgA
Increased ANA Decreased CRP Decreased IgE (females) |
| 2010 | Nolan, L.A., et al., “Congenital Anomolies, Labor/Delivery Complications, Maternal Risk Factors and Their Relationship with Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)-Contaminated Public Drinking Water,” (published 2010) | Univ. Penn. | Little Hocking, OH Water Customers | Increased anemia |
| 8/26/10 | Fei, C., et al., “Prenatal exposure to PFOA and PFOS and risk of hospitalization for infectious diseases in early childhood,” 110 Environ. Research 773-77 (2010) | Univ. Cal. | General Danish Population | Slightly increased risk of hospitalization for girls with highest prenatal exposures |
| 4/19/11 | Wang, I-Jen, et al., “The effect of prenatal perfluorinated chemicals exposures on pediatric atopy,” Environ. Res. (doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.04.006) (online May 2011) | Taiwan Hospital | General Taiwan Population (Children) | Increased cord blood IgE levels |
| 10/11 | Okada, E., et al., “Prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and relationship with allergies and infectious diseases in infants,” Environ. Research (doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.10.003) (on-line 10/11) | Hokkaido Univ. (Japan) | General Sapparo Japan Population (Infants) | Decreased IgE (female infants) |
| 1/25/12 | Grandjean, P., et al., “Serum Vaccine Antibody Concentrations in Children Exposed to Perfluorinated Compounds,” 307 (4) J.A.M.A. 391-97 (Jan. 25, 2012) | Harvard Univ. | General Faroe Islands Population (Children) | Decreased humoral immune response to childhood vaccinations |
| 2/12 | Nygaard, U.C., et al., “Perfluorinated compounds and immune health outcomes in 3-years-old children,” SOT 2012 Poster/Abstract (Feb. 2012) | Norwegian Inst. Pub. Health | General Norwegian Population – Children | Decreased response to rubella vaccination |
| 7/30/12 | C-8 Science Panel Probable Link Report: “Probable Link Evaluation of Autoimmune Disease” | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Probable Link found with ulcerative colitis |
| 1/8/13 | Dong, G-H, et al., “Serum Polyfluoroalkyl Concentrations, Asthma Outcomes, and Immunological Markers in a Case-Control Study of Taiwanese Children,” Environ. Health Perspec. ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205351 ) (on-line Jan. 8, 2013) | China Med. Univ. | General Northern Taiwan Population (10-15 year olds) | Increased asthma |
| 1/25/13 | Granum, B., et al., “Pre-natal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances may be associated with altered vaccine antibody levels and immune-related health outcomes in early childhood,” J. Immunotoxicol., Early Online (doi: 10.3109/1547691X.2012.755580) (on-line Jan. 25, 2013) | Norwegian Inst. Pub. Health | General Norwegian Population | Decreased ant-rubella antibodies in children
Increased incidence of common colds (children under 3) Increased incidence of gastroenteritis (children under 3) |
| 6/4/13 | Steenland, K., et al., “Ulcerative Colitis and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) in a Highly Exposed Population of Community Residents and Workers in the Mid-Ohio Valley,” Environ. Health Perspec. ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206449) (on-line June 4, 2013) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population/DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased ulcerative colitis |
| 6/6/14 | Humblet, O., et al., “Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals and Asthma among Children 12-19 Years of Age: NHANES (1999-2008),” Environ. Health Perspec. ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306606) (on-line June 6, 2014) | Univ. Cal. | General U.S. Population (Children 12-19) | Increased asthma |
| 1/19/15 | Steenland, K., et al., “A cohort incidence study of workers exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA),” Occup. Environ. Med. (doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102364) (on-line Jan. 19, 2015) | C8 Science Panel | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased ulcerative colitis
Increased rheumatoid arthritis |
| 8/9/16 | Grandjean, P., et. al., “Serum Vaccine Antibody Concentrations in Adolescents Exposed to Perfluorinated Compounds,” Environ. Health Persp. ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP275) (on-line Aug. 9, 2016) | Harvard Univ. | General Faroe Islands Population (Ages 7, 13) | Decreased antibody response |
| VIII. THYROID FUNCTION | ||||
| 10/92 | Ph.D. Thesis: Gilliland, F., “Fluorocarbons and Human Health: Studies in an Occupational Cohort” | U. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased TSH |
| 3/03 | Olsen, G.W., et al., “Epidemiologic Assessment of Worker Serum Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) Concentrations and Medical Surveillance Examinations,” 45 J.O.E.M. (3) 260-70 (March 2003) | 3M | 3M Belgium/Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased T3 |
| 6/07 | Olsen, G.W. & Zobel, L.R., “Assessment of lipid, hepatic, and thyroid parameters with serum perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations in fluorochemical workers,” Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health (doi:10.1007/s00420-007-0213-0) (on-line 6/07) | 3M | 3M Alabama/Belgium/
Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers |
Decreased free T4
Increased T3 |
| 2008 | WVU Slides From On-Line Presentation | WVU | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased free TH |
| 1/20/10 | Melzer, D., et al., “Association Between Serum Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Thyroid Disease in the NHANES Study,” Environ. Health Persp. (doi:10.1289/ehp.0901584) (on-line Jan. 20, 2010) | Peninsula Medical School | General U.S. Population | Increased reported thyroid disease in women
Increased reported thyroid disease in men |
| 8/1/11 | Knox, S.S., et al., “Perfluorocarbon exposure, gender and thyroid function in the C8 Health Project,” 36 (4) J. Toxicol. Sci. 403-410 (Aug. 2011) | WVU | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased serum thyroxine
Reduced T3 |
| 8/2/11 | Kim, S., et al., “Trans-Placental Transfer of Thirteen Perfluorinated Compounds and Relations with Fetal Thyroid Hormones,” Environ. Health Persp. (“just accepted manuscript”) (Aug. 2, 2011) | Korean Univ. | General S. Korean Population | Reduced thyroid hormone levels |
| 12/5/11 | C-8 Science Panel Status Report: “PFOA and adult thyroid disease in the mid-Ohio valley” | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population – Adults | Increased thyroid disease |
| 3/27/12 | Lopez-Espinosa, M-J., et al., “Thyroid Function and Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Children Living Near a Chemical Plant,” Environ. Health Perspec. (dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104370) (on-line March 27, 2012) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population – Children | Increased thyroid disease |
| 6/12 | Bloom, M., et al., “Exposure to Persistent Organohalogen Pollutants is Associated With Thyroid Function Among Older Residents of Upper Hudson River Communities” (ISEE 2012 Abstract) | Univ. Albany | General Upper Hudson River NY Population | Increased T4 |
| 7/30/12 | C-8 Science Panel Probable Link Report: “Probable Link Evaluation of Thyroid Disease” | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Probable Link found with thyroid disease |
| 7/17/13 | Wen, L-L, et al., “Association Between Serum Perfluorinated Chemicals and Thyroid Function in U.S. Adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2010,” J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. (doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-1282) (on-line July 17, 2013) | Taiwanese Univ. | General U.S. Population | Increased T3 in women
Increased subclinical hypothyroidism in women |
| 3/14 | Winquist, A. & Steenland, K., “Perfluorooctanoic Acid Exposure and Thyroid Disease in Community and Worker Cohorts,” 25 (2) Epidemiology 255-64 (March 2014) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population/DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased thyroid disease |
| 12/4/14 | Shrestha S., et al., “Perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid function in older adults,” 75C Environ Int. 206-214 (Dec. 4, 2014) | S.U.N.Y. Albany | General New York State Population | Increased fT4 and T4 with age |
| 12/10/14 | de Cock, M., et al., “Prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in relation to thyroid hormone levels in infants – a Dutch prospective cohort study,” 13(1) Environ. Health 106 (Dec. 10, 2014) | Dutch Researchers | General Danish Population | Increased T4 in girls at high exposure |
| 1/19/15 | Steenland, K., et al., “A cohort incidence study of workers exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA),” Occup. Environ. Med. (doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102364) (on-line Jan. 19, 2015) | C8 Science Panel | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased thyroid disease (males) |
| 10/30/15 | Webster, G. M., et al., “Cross-Sectional Associations of Serum Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Thyroid Hormones in U.S. Adults: Variation According to TPOAb and Iodine Status (NHANES 2007-2008),” Environ. Health Perspec. ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409589) (on-line Oct. 30, 2015) | Canadian Researchers | General U.S. Population | Increased thyroid disruption in sensitive subpopulation of adults with high TPOAb and low iodine status |
| IX. LIVER FUNCTION | ||||
| 12/22/78 | DuPont Internal Report – “Chambers Works Fluorosulfactant Study” | DuPont | DuPont NJ Fluoroproducts Workers | Abnormal liver function |
| 3/15/79 | DuPont Internal Report – “Chambers Works Fluorosulfactant Study” | DuPont | DuPont NJ Fluoroproducts Workers | Abnormal liver function |
| 8/80 | Ubel, F.A., et al., “Health status of plant workers exposed to fluorochemicals – a preliminary report,” 41 Amer. Indus. Hygiene Assoc. J. 384-89 (1980) | 3M | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased SGOT |
| 1/28/81 | DuPont Internal Report – “Liver Function Study of Washington Works Employees Exposed to C-8” | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased SGOT
Increased AP |
| 1996 | Gilliland, F.D. & Mandel, J.S., “Serum Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Hepatic Enzymes, Lipoproteins, and Cholesterol: A Study of Occupationally Exposed Men,” 29 Amer. J. Indus. Med. 560-68 (1996) | Univ. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Altered SGOT, GGT, and SGPT dependant on alcohol & obesity levels |
| 8/5/96 | DuPont Internal Report – “C-8 Study” | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased SGOT
Increased AP Increased LDH |
| 3/03 | Olsen, G.W., et al., “Epidemiologic Assessment of Worker Serum Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) Concentrations and Medical Surveillance Examinations,” 45 J.O.E.M. (3) 260-70 (March 2003) | 3M | 3M Belgium/Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased GGT
Increased AP Increased ALT |
| 8/04 | Olsen, G.W., et al., “Analysis of Episodes of Care in a Perfluorooctanesulfonyl Fluoride Production Facility,” 46 J. Occup. Environ. Med. (8) (Aug. 2004) | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased episodes of care for liver disorders |
| 4/2/07 | DuPont Letters to USEPA Supplementing Phase I Worker Study Results | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased LDH
Decreased total bilirubin Increased serum aspartate aminotransferase |
| 6/07 | Olsen, G.W. & Zobel, L.R., “Assessment of lipid, hepatic, and thyroid parameters with serum perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations in fluorochemical workers,” Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health (doi:10.1007/s00420-007-0213-0) (on-line 6/07) | 3M | 3M Alabama/Belgium/
Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers |
Decreased bilirubin
Increased Alkaline phosphatase Increased ALT/GGT |
| 8/07 | Sakr, C.J., et al., “Longitudinal Study of Serum Lipids and Liver Enzymes in Workers With Occupational Exposure to Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate,” 49 J.O.E.M. (8) 872-79 (Aug. 2007) | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Decreased total bilirubin
Increased AST |
| 10/07 | Sakr, C.J., et al., “Cross-Sectional Study of Lipids and Liver Enzymes Related to a Serum Biomarker of Exposure (ammonium perfluorooctanoate or APFO) as Part of a General Health Survey in a Cohort of Occupationally Exposed Workers,” 49 J.O.E.M. (10) 1086-96 (Oct. 2007) | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased GGT
Increased AST Increased ALT |
| 2008 | WVU Slides From On-Line Presentation | WVU | C8 WV/OH Settlement Population | Increased ALT
Increased AST/SGOT |
| 3/09 | Costa, G., et al., “Thirty Years of Medical Surveillance in Perfluorooctanoic Acid Production Workers,” 51 J.O.E.M. (3) 1-9 (March 2009) | Mitini | Mitini Italian PFOA Workers | Decreased bilirubin
Increased ALT Increased GGT Increased ALP |
| 12/15/09 | Lin, C-Y, et al., “Investigation of the Associations Between Low-Dose Serum Perfluorinated Chemicals and Liver Enzymes in US Adults,” Amer. J. Gastroenterology (doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.707) (online Dec. 15, 2009) | Taiwan Hospital | General U.S. Population | Increased ALT
Increased GGT |
| 1/30/12 | Gallo, V., et al., “Serum Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and Perfluoroctane Sulfonate (PFOS) Concentrations and Liver Function Biomarkers in a Population with Elevated PFOA Exposure,” Environ. Health Perspec., (dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104436) (on-line Jan. 30, 2012) | C8 Science Panel | C8 WV/OH Settlement Population | Increased ALT |
| 6/12 | Christensen, K., et al., “Method to Assess Multiple Classes of Environmental Chemicals and Liver Disease: NHANES 2003-2006” (ISEE 2012 Abstract) | US EPA | General U.S. Population | Increased ALT |
| 1/19/15 | Steenland, K., et al., “A cohort incidence study of workers exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA),” Occup. Environ. Med. (doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102364) (on-line Jan. 19, 2015) | C8 Science Panel | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased non-hepatitis liver disease |
| 3/15/16 | Darrow, L.A., et al., “Modeled Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Exposure and Liver Function in a Mid-Ohio Valley Community,” Environ. Health Pers. ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510391) (on-line March 15, 2016) | C8 Science Panel | C8 WV/OH Settlement Population | Increased ALT
Decreased bilirubin |
| X. KIDNEY FUNCTION | ||||
| 8/5/96 | DuPont Internal Report – “C-8 Study” | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased kidney disease incidence |
| 8/07 | Leonard, R.C., et al., “Retrospective Cohort Mortality Study of Workers in a Polymer Production Plant Including a Reference Population of Regional Workers,” J. Ann. Epidem. (doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.06.011) (on-line Aug. 2007) | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased death from kidney cancer |
| 10/18/12 | Steenland, K. & Woskie, S., “Cohort Mortality Study of Workers Exposed to Perfluorooctanoic Acid,” Am. J. Epidem. (doi. 10.1093/aje/kws171) (on-line Oct. 18, 2012) | C8 Science Panel | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased death from kidney cancer
Increased death from chronic kidney disease |
| 8/26/11 | Shankar, A. & Ducatman, A., “Perfluoroalkyl Chemicals and Chronic Kidney Disease in US Adults,” Am. J. Epidem. (doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr171) (Aug. 26, 2011) | WVU | General US Population | Increased chronic kidney disease |
| 3/11/13 | Watkins, D.J., et al., “Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Markers of Kidney Function Among Children and Adolescents Living Near a Chemical Plant, ” Environ. Health Perspec. ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205838) (on-line March 11, 2013) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (Children) | Decreased eGFR (kidney function) |
| XI. HORMONE EFFECTS | ||||
| 3/15/79 | DuPont Internal Report – “Chambers Works Fluorosulfactant Study” | DuPont | DuPont NJ Fluoroproducts Workers | Increased incidence of endocrine/metabolic disorders |
| 10/92 | Ph.D. Thesis: Gilliland, F., “Fluorocarbons and Human Health: Studies in an Occupational Cohort” | Univ. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased estrodiol
Decreased free testosterone Increased hemoglobin Increased mean cellular volume |
| 7/98 | Olsen, G.W., et al., “An Epidemiologic Investigation of Reproductive Hormones in Men With Occupational Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic Acid,” 40 J.O.E.M. (7) 614-22 (July 1998) | 3M | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased estradiol in high exposure group
Elevated 17-HP |
| 4/2/07 | DuPont Letters to USEPA Supplementing Phase I Worker Study Results | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased estradiol
Increased testosterone |
| 3/26/15 | Tsai, M.S., et al., “Association between perfluorooalkyl substances and reproductive hormones in adolescents and young adults,” Int. J. Environ. Health (doi: 10.1016/ijheh.2015.03.008) (on-line March 26, 2015) | Taiwanese Researchers | General Taiwanese Population (Aged 12-30) | Decreased SHBG |
| 6/2/15 | Maisonet, M., et al., “Prenatal Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Serum Testosterone Concentrations at 15 Years of Age in Female ALSPAC Study Participants,” Environ. Health Perspec. ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408847) (on-line June 2, 2015). | East Tenn. State Researchers | General U.K. Population (15 Years Old) | Increased testosterone following prenatal exposures |
| 8/16 | Lopez-Espinosa, M-J., et al., “Perfluoroalkyl Substances, Sex Hormones, and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 at 6-9 Years of Age: A Cross-Sectional Analysis within the C8 Health Project,” 124(8) Environ. Health Persp. 1269-1275 (Aug. 2016) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (Children 6-9) | Decreased testosterone in boys |
| XII. DEVELOPMENTAL/REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS | ||||
| 9/81 | DuPont Internal Reports Relating to: “Study of Pregnancy Outcome in Washington Works Employees” | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased birth defect incidence |
| 12/84 | DuPont Internal Reports Relating to: “Allegation of Significant Adverse Reaction – Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) Section 8(c)” | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers – Males | Claims of infertility among male workers – not pursued |
| 8/04 | Olsen, G.W., et al., “Analysis of Episodes of Care in a Perfluorooctanesulfonyl Fluoride Production Facility,” 46 J. Occup. Environ. Med. (8) (Aug. 2004) | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased episodes of care for:
•- Preterm labor •- Infertility |
| 11/04-
2/05 |
Dahlgren, et al, Abstracts/presentation Slides | UCLA | WW/OH C8 Community | Decreased age to menopause |
| 7/31/07 | Apelberg, B.J., et al., “Cord Serum Concentrations of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in Relation to Weight and Size at Birth,” Environ. Health Persp. (doi:10.1289/ehp.10334) (on-line July 31, 2007) | Johns Hopkins | General US Population | Decreased birth weight
Decreased ponderal index Decreased head circumference |
| 8/16/07 | Fei, C., et al., “Perfluorinated Chemicals and Fetal Growth: A Study within the Danish National Birth Cohort,” Eniron. Health Persp. (doi:10.1289/ehp.10506 (on-line Aug. 16, 2007) | Univ. Cal. | General Danish Population | Decreased birth weight |
| 1/28/09 | Fei., C., et al., “Maternal levels of perfluorinated chemicals and subfecundity,” 1 Human Repro. (1) 1-6 (2009) | Univ. Cal. | General Danish population | Increased time to pregnancy |
| 3/2/09 | Nordstrom, U., et al., “Do Perfluoroalkyl Compounds Impair Human Semen Quality?” Environ. Health Persp. (doi:10.1289/ehp.0800517) (on-line March 2, 2009)] | Univ. Denmark | General Danish population | Decreased normal sperm |
| 819/09 | Stein, C.R., et al., “Serum Levels of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate and Pregnancy Outcome,” Amer. J. Epidem. (doi:10.1093/aje/kwp212) (on-line Aug. 12, 2009) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased preeclampsia
Increased birth defects |
| 11/09 | Pinney, S.M., et al., “Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Pubertal Maturation in Young Girls,” 20 J. Epidem. (6) S80 (Nov. 2009)] [ABSTRACT ONLY] | Univ. Cincinnati | General OH/KY Population | Increased pubescent maturation in breasts of young girls |
| 2010 | Nolan, L.A., et al., “Congenital Anomolies, Labor/Delivery Complications, Maternal Risk Factors and Their Relationship with Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)-Contaminated Public Drinking Water,” (published 2010) | Univ. Penn. | Little Hocking OH Water Customers | Increased dysfunctional labor |
| 8/26/10 | Fei, C., et al., “Prenatal exposure to PFOA and PFOS and risk of hospitalization for infectious diseases in early childhood,” 110 Environ. Research 773-77 (2010) | Univ. Cal. | General Danish Population | Slightly increased risk of hospitalization for girls with highest prenatal PFOA exposure |
| 9/13/10 | Christensen, K.Y., et al., “Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals during pregnancy is not associated with offspring age at menarche in a contemporary British cohort,” 37 Environ. Int’l 129-35 (2011) | Emory Univ. | General U.K. Population | Decreased time to menarche/puberty in girls |
| 10/12/10 | Anderson, C.S., et al., “Prenatal Exposures to Perfluorinated Chemicals and Anthropometric Measures in Infancy,” 172 Amer. J. Epidem. (11) 1230-37 (Oct. 2010) | Danish Govt. | General Danish Population | Decreased baby weight in first year
Decreased baby body mass in first year |
| 3/16/11 | Knox, S.S., et al., “Implications of Early Menopause in Women Exposed to Perfluorocarbons,” 96 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (6) (doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2401) (online March 16, 2011) | WVU | WW/OH C8 Settlement Population | Decreased time to menopause |
| 5/2/11 | Lopez-Espinosa, M-J, et al., “Association of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) with Age of Puberty among Children Living near a Chemical Plant,” Environ. Sci. & Technol. (doi:10.1021/es1038694) (on-line May 2, 2011) – FINAL 10/1/11 | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (children) | Increased time to reach puberty in girls |
| 12/5/11 | C-8 Science Panel Probable Link Report: “Probable Link Evaluation of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension and Preeclampsia” | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Probable Link with pregnancy-induced hypertension/preeclampsia |
| 2/3/12 | Halldorsson, T.I., et al., “Prenatal Exposure to Perfluorooctanoate and Risk of Overweight at 20 Years of Age: A Prospective Cohort Study,” Environ. Health Perspec. (dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104034) (on-line Feb. 3, 2012) | Danish/Icelandic Researchers | General Danish Population | Increased overweight female children at age 20 |
| 3/26/12 | Savitz, D.A., et al., “Relationship of Perfluorooctanoic Acid Exposure to Pregnancy Outcome Based on Birth Records in the Mid-Ohio Valley,” Environ. Health Perspec. (dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104752) (on-line March 26, 2012) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Inconsistent decreased birth weight in highest exposure categories
Inconsistent reduced fetal growth Large, imprecise associations with early preterm birth |
| 5/12 | Savitz, D.A., et al., “Perfluorooctanoic Acid Exposure and Pregnancy Outcome in a Highly Exposed Community,” 23 (3) J. Epidem. 1-7 (May 2012) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased preeclampsia
Slight increase in congenital heart defects |
| 7/12 | Wu, K., et al., “Association between maternal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from electronic waste recycling and neonatal health outcomes,” 48 Environ. Int’l 1-8 (2012) | Shantou Univ . (China) | General Chinese Population living near electronic waste recycling area | Decreased gestational age
Decreased birth weight Decreased birth length Decreased Apgar scores |
| 8/30/12 | Maisonet, M., et al., “Maternal Concentrations of Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds during Pregnancy and Fetal and Postnatal growth in British Girls,” Environ. Health Perspec. (dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003096) (on-line Aug. 30, 2012) | Emory Univ. | General British Population | Decreased birth weight |
| 9/20/12 | Lee, Y.J., et al., “Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl compounds in maternal and umbilical cord sera and birth outcomes in Korea,” Chemosphere (doi: 10.1016/j.chemospehere.2012.08.035) (on-line Sept. 20, 2012) | Korean University Researchers | General Korean Population | Decreased birth weight
Decreased birth length Decreased ponderal index |
| 11/12 | Louis, G.M.B., et al., “Perfluorochemicals and Endometriosis: The ENDO Study,” 23 Epidem. (6) 1-7 (Nov. 2012) | Eunice Kennedy Shriver Nat. Inst. Of Child Health and Human Health | General U.S. Population (Salt Lake City and San Francisco areas) | Increased endometriosis |
| 1/28/13 | Vested, A., et al., “Associations of in Utero Exposure to Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids with Human Semen Quality and Reproductive Hormones in Adult Men,” Environ. Health Perspec. ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205118) (on-line Jan. 28, 2013) | Danish Univ. | General Danish Population (men 19-21 years old) | Decreased adjusted sperm concentration
Decreased total sperm count Increased luteinizing hormone (LH) Increased follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| 7/9/13 | Darrow, L.A., Stein, C.R., & Steenland, K., “Serum Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Concentrations in Relation to Birth Outcomes in the Mid-Ohio Valley, 2005-2010,” Environ. Health Perspec. ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206372) (on-line July 9, 2013) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased pregnancy-induced hypertension |
| 10/15/13 | Kristensen, S.L., et al., “Long-term effects of prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances on female reproduction,” Human Reprod. (doi: 10.1093/humrep/det382) (on-line Oct. 15, 2013) | Danish Researchers | General Danish Population (Pregnant Women) | Increased time to menarche among daughters of exposed women |
| 10/25/13 | Lyngso, J., et al., “Menstrual cycle characteristics in fertile women from Greenland, Poland and Ukraine exposed to perfluorinated chemicals: a cross-sectional study,” Human Reprod. (doi: 10.1093/humrep/det390) (on-line Oct. 25, 2013) | Danish Researchers | General Greenland/Poland/Ukraine Population (Pregnant Women) | Increased length of menstrual cycle |
| 2/14 | Taylor, K.W., et al., “Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals and Menopause among Women 20-65 Years of Age (NHANES),” 122 (2) Environ. Health Perspec. 145-50 (Feb. 2014) | NIEHS | General U.S. Population (Women ages 20-65) | Decreased time to menopause |
| 5/14 | Darrow, L.A., et al., “PFOA and PFOS Serum Levels and Miscarriage Risk,” 25 Epidem. __ (2014) | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased miscarriage risk at highest exposure level |
| 8/15/14 | Louis, G.M.B., et al., “Perfluorochemicals and Human Semen Quality: The LIFE Study,” Environ. Health Persp. () (on-line Aug. 15, 2014) | Shriver Nat. Inst. Of Child health & Human Devel. | General U.S. Population | Decreased sperm with coiled tails |
| 6/26/15 | Lenters, V., et al., “Prenatal Phthalate, Perfluoroalkyl Acid, and Organochlorine Exposures and Term Birth Weight in Three Birth Cohorts: Multi-Pollutant Models Based on Elastic Net Regression,” Environ. Health Perspec. (on-line June 26, 2015). | General Greenland, Poland, and Ukraine Population (Infants) | Decreased birth weight | |
| XIII. NEUROLOGICAL EFFECTS | ||||
| 3/15/79 | DuPont Internal Report – “Chambers Works Fluorosulfactant Study” | DuPont | DuPont NJ Fluoroproducts Workers | Increased mental/psychoneurotic disorders |
| 6/15/10 | Hoffman, K., et al., “Exposure to Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in U.S. Children Aged 12-15 Years,” Environ. Health Persp. (doi:10.1289/ehp.1001898) (on-line June 15, 2010) | Boston Univ. | General U.S. Population (12-15 Year-Olds) | Increased self-report of ADHD |
| 10/1/11 | Stein, C.R. & Savitz, D.A., “Serum Perfluorinated Compound Concentration and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children Aged 5 to 18 Years,” Environ. Health Persp. (doi:10.1289/ehp.1003538) (on-line June 10, 2011)] – FINAL published 10/1/11 | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (5-18 Year-Olds) | Increased self-reported ADHD with medication in children at lower exposure levels with decreased level at highest exposure level |
| 12/16/14 | Donauer, S., et al., “Prenatal Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polyfluoroalkyl Chemicals and Infant Neurobehavior,” J. Pediatr. (doi: 10.1016/j.peds.2014.11.021) (on-line Dec. 16, 2014) | Univ. Cincinnati | General U.S. Population | Increased hypotonic categorization of infants |
| 10/13/15 | Goudarzi, H., et al., “Prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and neurodevelopment in early infancy: The Hokkaido Study,” 541 Sci. Total Environ. 1002-1010 (Oct. 13, 2015) | Decreased mental development scores in females at age 6 months | ||
| XIV. PANCREATIC EFFECTS | ||||
| 2000 | Olsen, G.W., et al., “Plasma Cholecystokinin and Hepatic Enzymes, Cholesterol and Lipoproteins in Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate Production Workers,” 23 Drug & Chem. Toxicol. (4) 603-20 (2000) | 3M | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Decreased CCK |
| 8/04 | Olsen, G.W., et al., “Analysis of Episodes of Care in a Perfluorooctanesulfonyl Fluoride Production Facility,” 46 J. Occup. Environ. Med. (8) (Aug. 2004) | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased episodes of care for:
•- acute pancreatitis •- pancreatitis |
| 4/7/09 | Eriksen, K.T., et al., “Perfluorooctanoate and Perfluorooctanesulfonate Plasma Levels and Risk of Cancer in the General Danish Population,” 101 J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 605-609 (2009) | Danish Cancer Society | General Danish Population | Increased risk of pancreatic cancer in highest exposure group |
| XV. OSTEOARTHRITIS EFFECTS | ||||
| 6/27/11 | Innes, K.E., et al., “Association of Osteoarthritis With Serum Levels of Environmental Contaminants Perfluorooctanoate and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in a Large Appalachian Population,” Am. J. Epidem. (doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr107) (online June 27, 2011) | WVU | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased osteoarthritis |
| 2/8//13 | Uhl, S.A., et al., “Association of Osteoarthritis with Perfluorooctanoate and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in NHANES 2003-2008,” Environ. Health Perspec. ( Http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205673) (online Feb. 8, 2013) | Yale | General US Population (20-84 year olds) | Increased osteoarthritis in women |
| 2/15 | Galloway, T.S., et al., “PFOA and PFOS are associated with reduced expression of the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R) gene in women,” 120 Chemosphere 555-62 (Feb. 2015) | UK Researchers | General UK Population | Reduced parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R) gene in women |
| 6/9/15 | Khalil, N., et al., “Association of Perfluoroalkyl Substances, Bone Mineral Density, and Osteoporosis in the U.S. Population in NHANES 2009-2010,” Environ. Health Perspec. ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307909) (on-line June 9, 2015). | Ohio Researchers | General U.S. Population | Increased osteoporosis in women |