PFOA HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS BY ENDPOINT
| TAB | DATE | PUBLISHED? | SPONSOR | POPULATION | ASSOCIATION | STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT? | ||
| I. LIPIDS | ||||||||
| 1 | 12/22/78 | No | DuPont | DuPont NJ Fluoroproducts Workers | Increased incidence of metabolic disorders | Yes | ||
| 12 | 1996 | Yes | Univ. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Altered HDL dependant on alcohol & obesity levels | Yes | ||
| 17 | 3/03 | Yes | 3M | 3M Belgium/Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased triglycerides
Increased cholesterol |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 15 | 2000 | Yes | 3M | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Decreased CCK | Yes | ||
| 19 | 8/04 | Yes | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased episodes of care for:
•- disorders of lipid metabolism – cholelithiasis |
|||
| 20 | 9/7/04 | No | Mitini (Italy) | Mitini Italian PFOA Workers | Increased total cholesterol
Increased non-HDL cholesterol |
No
No |
||
| 22 | 1/10/05 | No | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased total cholesterol
Increased LDL Increased triglycerides |
Yes
Yes Yes |
||
| 24 | 8/06 | Yes | Univ. Penn. | Little Hocking OH Water Customers | Increased cholesterol | No | ||
| 27 | 6/07 | Yes | 3M | 3M Alabama/Belgium/
Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers |
Decreased HDL
Increased triglycerides |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 30 | 8/07 | Yes | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased total cholesterol | Yes | ||
| 32 | 10/07 | Yes | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased total cholesterol
Increased LDL Increased VLDL |
Yes
Yes Yes |
||
| 33 | 2008 | No | WVU | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased total cholesterol-children | |||
| 36 | 12/29/08 | Yes | Taiwan Hospital | General U.S. Population | Increased B cell function (associated with glucose homeostasis and metabolic syndrome) | Yes | ||
| 40 | 3/09 | Yes | Mitini | Mitini Italian PFOA Workers | Increased total cholesterol | Yes | ||
| 47 | 10/21/09 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (Adults) | Increased total cholesterol
Increased LDL Increased non-HDL Increased triglycerides |
Yes
Yes Yes Yes |
||
| 52 | 11/2/09 | Yes | Boston Univ. | General U.S. Population | Increased total cholesterol
Increased non-HDL cholesterol |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 59 | 9/7/10 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (Children) | Increased total cholesterol
Increased LDL Increased HDL |
Yes
Yes No |
||
| 82 | 11/17/11 | Yes | Taiwan Hospital | General Taiwanese Population (ages 12-30) | No associations with glucose homeostasis, adiponectin level, lipid profile, or inflammatory markers in young population with low average PFOA exposures (only 2.39 ppb average PFOA serum level) | |||
| 89 | 7/13 | Yes | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Decreased LDL associated with decreased PFOA | Yes | ||
| 96 | 8/12 | Yes | 3M | 3M Fluorochemical Demolition Workers | Increased HDL
[No significant positive associations with non-HDL cholesterol] |
|||
| 93 | 3/12 | Yes | 3M | General US Population | Partitioning of PFOA to lipid fraction of blood does not support reverse causality on lipid associations | |||
| 100 | 5/10/12 | No | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | [No association between prenatal exposure and increased risk of obesity or metabolic syndrome]
Increased LDL and decreased insulin associated with prenatal exposure |
No | ||
| 112 | 8/3/12 | Yes | Chinese Researchers | Chinese Fluorochemical Workers and Nearby Population | Decreased HDL-C
Increased miR-26b Increased miR-199a-3p |
Yes | ||
| 115 | 8/12 | No | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Decreased NR1H2 (Liver receptor B; LXRB) transcript levels (gene involved in lipid metabolism | |||
| 118 | 10/26/12 | No | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Probable Link found with hypercholesterolemia | Yes | ||
| 129 | 2/18/13 | Yes | Danish Cancer Soc. | General Danish Population (50-65 year olds) | Increased total cholesterol | Yes | ||
| 140 | 11/13 | Yes | WVU and Other Researchers | General U.S. Population (12-18 year olds) | Increased total cholesterol and LDL-C | Yes | ||
| 149 | 5/14 | Yes | Chinese Researchers | General Chinese Population | Increased total cholesterol and LDLC | |||
| 152 | 9/26/14 | Yes | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population/DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased cholesterol | Yes | ||
| 159 | 1/29/15 | Yes | Taiwanese Researchers | General Taiwanese Population (Children 12-15 Years Old) | Increased total cholesterol
Increased LDL Increased triglycerides Decreased HDL |
Yes
Yes Yes No |
||
| 162 | 5/23/15 | Yes | U.S/U.K Researchers | General U.K. Population (Females) | Prenatal exposure may effect later life lipid levels | |||
| 168 | 11/11/15 | Yes | Brown Univ. | General U.S. Population (Children in Ohio and Kentucky) | Increased adiposity at age 8 and more rapid increase in BMI between ages 2-8 | |||
| II. URIC ACID | ||||||||
| 22 | 1/10/05 | No | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased uric acid | Yes | ||
| 40 | 3/09 | Yes | Mitini | Mitini Italian PFOA Workers | Increased uric acid | Yes | ||
| 48 | 10/22/09 | Yes | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (adults) | Increased uric acid | Yes | ||
| 78 | 9/11 | Yes | WVU | General U.S. Population | Increased uric acid | Yes | ||
| 130 | 4/3/13 | Yes | Univ. Wisc. | General U.S. Population (Children) | Increased hyperuricemia | Yes | ||
| 171 | 3/10/16 | Yes | Taiwanese Researchers | General Taiwan Population (Children 12-15) | Increased serum uric acid in boys | Yes | ||
| III. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (IHD) | ||||||||
| 19 | 8/04 | Yes | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased episodes of care for coronary disease/cardiac arrest/hypertension | |||
| 31 | 8/07 | Yes | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased IHD mortality | No | ||
| 37 | 2008 | Yes | Plaintiffs | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased self-reports of angina | |||
| 44 | 6/23/09 | Yes | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased IHD deaths at longest exposure categories | No | ||
| 101 | 5/31/12 | Yes | Korean Univ. | General U.S. Population | Increased homocysteine and systolic blood pressure/hypertension | Yes | ||
| 114 | 9/3/12 | Yes | WVU | General U.S. Population | Increased cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Increased peripheral arterial disease (PAD) |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 118 | 10/26/12 | No | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | [No Probable Link found with hypertension]
[No Probable Link found with coronary artery disease] |
|||
| IV. CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE (STROKE/MI) | ||||||||
| 5 | 3/30/81 | No | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased MI incidence among foremen | Yes | ||
| 16 | 4/26/01 | No | Univ. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased death from cerebrovascular disease | Yes | ||
| 37 | 2008 | Yes | Plaintiffs | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased self reports of MI
Increased self reports of stroke |
|||
| 51 | 11/09 | Yes | 3M/Univ. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased cerebrovascular disease death | Yes | ||
| 110 | 7/30/12 | No | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | [No Probable Link found with stroke] | |||
| 137 | 10/13 | Yes | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased stroke incidence, except at highest exposure levels | |||
| V. DIABETES | ||||||||
| 19 | 8/04 | Yes | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased episodes of care for diabetes | |||
| 31 | 8/07 | Yes | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased diabetes mortality | Yes | ||
| 36 | 12/29/08 | Yes | Taiwan Hospital | General U.S. Population | Increased B cell function
(associated with glucose homeostasis and metabolic syndrome) |
Yes | ||
| 46/142 | 9/09 [PUBLISHED 11/13] | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | [no association with adult Type II diabetes] | |||
| 51 | 11/09 | Yes | 3M/Univ. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased diabetes death | Yes | ||
| 98 | 4/13/12 | No | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | [No Probable Link with adult Type II diabetes] | |||
| 107 | 7/30/12 | No | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | [No Probable Link with Type 1 diabetes | |||
| 143 | 11/13 | Yes | Swedish Researchers | General Swedish Population Age 70 | Increased diabetes prevalence | No | ||
| 158 | 1/19/15 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased type 2 diabetes | |||
| VI. CANCER | ||||||||
| 2A | 2/80 | No | 3M | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased following types of cancer among males working more than 6 months in Chemical Division:
– Esophogus – Larynx – Skin – Prostate – Testis |
|||
| 10 | 10/92 | No | U. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased leukocyte counts
Increased prostate cancer deaths in long exposure group |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 11 | 9/93 | Yes | U. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased prostate cancer deaths in high exposure group | Yes | ||
| 16 | 4/26/01 | No | U. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | [no cancer death excess using redefined exposure categories] | |||
| 18 | 2003 | Yes | U. Minn. | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased bladder cancer deaths
Increased liver cancer deaths |
Yes
No |
||
| 19 | 8/04 | Yes | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased episodes of care for:
•- Malignant colon neoplasm •- Malignant rectum neoplasm •- Malignant neoplasm of lower respiratory tract •- Malignant skin melanoma •- Malignant prostate neoplasm •- Benign colonic polyps |
|||
| 90 | 10/04 | No | UCLA | WV/OH C8 Community
DuPont WV PFOA Workers |
Increased self-reported prevalence of:
•- Uterine/cervical cancer •- Multiple myeloma •- Lung cancer •- Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma •- Bladder cancer •- Colon/rectal cancer Increased bladder cancer Increased kidney cancer Increased prostate cancer |
Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes |
||
| 21 | 11/04-
2/05 |
No | UCLA | WW/OH C8 Community
DuPont WV PFOA Workers |
Increased self-reported cervical/uterine cancer
Increased self-reported prostate cancer Increased self-reported breast cancer Increased prostate cancer |
Yes
Yes Yes Yes |
||
| 23 | 3/1/06 | No | WV Dept. Health | Wood/Mason Cty WV General Population | Increased prostate cancer incidence
Increased leukemia incidence Increased non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence Increased cutaneous melanoma |
Yes
Yes Yes Yes |
||
| 25 | 11/06 | Yes | Univ. Cincinnati | Firefighters (PFOA not directly measured) | Increased risk of multiple myeloma
Increased risk of non-Hodgkins lymphoma Increased risk of prostate cancer Increased risk of testicular cancer |
Yes
Yes Yes Yes |
||
| 31 | 8/07 | Yes | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased death from kidney cancer | No | ||
| 43 | 4/7/09 | Yes | Danish Cancer Society | General Danish Population | Increased risk of pancreatic cancer in highest exposure group | No | ||
| 51 | 11/09 | Yes | 3M/Univ. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased prostate cancer death | Yes | ||
| 70 | 10/18/12 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased death from kidney cancer | Yes | ||
| 79 | 10/6/11 | Yes | Aarhus Univ. (Denmark) | General Greelandic Inuit Population | Increased risk of breast cancer | Yes (combined PFCs) | ||
| 99 | 4/15/12 | No | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Probable Link with testicular cancer
Probable Link with kidney cancer [No Probable Link with other cancers] |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 125 | 1/8/13 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased testicular cancer
Increased kidney cancer Increased prostate cancer Increased ovarian cancer Increased Non-Hodgkins lymphoma |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 135 | 7/5/13 | Yes | Italian Researchers | U.S./European Fluorochemical Workers (Including DuPont WV PFOA Workers) | Increased liver cancer
Increased kidney cancer Increased leukemia |
|||
| 136 | 9/5/13 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population/DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased kidney cancer
Increased testicular cancer |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 145 | 1/27/14 | Yes | WVU | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Decreased colorectal cancer | Yes | ||
| 148 | 5/14/14 | Yes | 3M | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased bladder cancer
Increased pancreatic cancer |
|||
| 158 | 1/19/15 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased prostate cancer | |||
| VII. IMMUNE FUNCTION | ||||||||
| 1 | 12/22/78 | No | DuPont | DuPont NJ Fluoroproducts Workers | Increased incidence of allergic disorders | Yes | ||
| 24 | 8/06 | Yes | Univ. Penn. | Little Hocking OH Water Customers | Increased monocyte count | Yes | ||
| 33 | 2008 | No | WVU | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Decreased CRP
Decreased IG |
|||
| 40 | 3/09 | Yes | Mitini (Italy) | Mitini Italian PFOA Workers | Increased IgA
Increased globulins |
No
Yes |
||
| 42 | 3/16/09 | No | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Decreased lgA
Increased ANA Decreased CRP Decreased IgE (females) |
Yes
Yes Yes Yes |
||
| 56 | 2010 | Yes | Univ. Penn. | Little Hocking, OH Water Customers | Increased anemia | Yes | ||
| 58 | 8/26/10 | Yes | Univ. Cal. | General Danish Population | Slightly increased risk of hospitalization for girls with highest prenatal exposures | No | ||
| 67 | 4/19/11 | Yes | Taiwan Hospital | General Taiwan Population (Children) | Increased cord blood IgE levels | Yes | ||
| 80 | 10/11 | Yes | Hokkaido Univ. (Japan) | General Sapparo Japan Population (Infants) | Decreased IgE (female infants)
[No associations with food allergy, eczema, wheezing, or otitis media in first 18 months] |
Yes | ||
| 91 | 1/25/12 | Yes | Harvard Univ. | General Faroe Islands Population (Children) | Decreased humoral immune response to childhood immunizations | Yes | ||
| 97 | 2/12 | No | Norwegian Inst. Pub. Health | General Norwegian Population – Children | Decreased response to rubella vaccinations | |||
| 100 | 5/10/12 | No | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | [No association between prenatal exposure and risk of childhood infections or asthma since birth] | |||
| 107/111/132 | 6/4/13 | Yes | C-8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population/DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Decreased response to influenza vaccine
Probable Link found with increased ulcerative colitis [No Probable Link found with: •- Rheumatoid arthritis •- Lupus •- Chrohn’s disease •- Multiple sclerosis •- Common infections •- Respiratory disease] |
|||
| 124 | 1/8/13 | Yes | China med. Univ. | General Northern Taiwan Population (10-15 year olds) | Increased asthma | Yes | ||
| 126 | 1/25/13 | Yes | Norwegian Inst. Pub. Health | General Norwegian Population | Decreased anti-rubella antibodies
Increased incidence of common colds (children under 3) Increased incidence of gastroenteritis (children under 3) |
|||
| 150 | 6/6/14 | Yes | Univ. Cal. | General U.S. Population (Children 12-19) | Increased asthma | |||
| 158 | 1/19/15 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased ulcerative colitis
Increased rheumatoid arthritis |
|||
| 174 | 8/9/16 | Yes | Harvard | General Faroe Islands Population (Ages 7, 13) | Decreased antibody response | |||
| VIII. THYROID FUNCTION | ||||||||
| 10 | 10/92 | No | U. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased TSH | Yes | ||
| 17 | 3/03 | Yes | 3M | 3M Belgium/Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased T3 | Yes | ||
| 24 | 8/06 | Yes | Univ. Penn. | Little Hocking OH Water Customers | [no effect on thyroid] | |||
| 27 | 6/07 | Yes | 3M | 3M Alabama/Belgium/
Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers |
Decreased free T4
Increased T3 |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 33 | 2008 | No | WVU | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased free TH | |||
| 39 | 2/09 | Yes | SUNY | New York General Population-Fishermen | [no effects on thyroid function] | |||
| 55 | 1/20/10 | Yes | Peninsula Medical School | General U.S. Population | Increased reported thyroid disease in women
Increased reported thyroid disease in men |
Yes
No |
||
| 65 | 2/8/11 | Yes | Univ. Alberta | General Alberta Canada Population | [no effect on hypothyroxinemia in pregnant women] | |||
| 73 | 8/1/11 | Yes | WVU | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased serum thyroxine
Reduced T3 |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 74 | 8/2/11 | Yes | Korean Univ. | General S. Korean Population | Reduced thyroid hormone levels | No | ||
| 87/144 | 12/5/11 [3/14 -Published] | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population – Adults | Increased thyroid disease | Yes | ||
| 75 | 3/27/12 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population – Children | Increased thyroid disease | |||
| 102 | 6/12 | No | Univ. Albany | General Hudson River NY Population | Increased T4 | |||
| 106 | 7/30/12 | No | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH Settlement Population | Probable Link found with thyroid disease | |||
| 134 | 7/17/13 | Yes | Taiwanese Univ. | General U.S. Population | Increased T3 in women
Increased subclinical hypothyroidism in women |
Yes | ||
| 154 | 12/4/14 | Yes | S.U.N.Y. Albany | General New York State Population | Increased fT4 and T4 with age | |||
| 155 | 12/10/14 | Yes | Dutch Researchers | General Danish Population | Increased T4 in girls at high exposure | |||
| 158 | 1/19/15 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased thyroid disease (males) | |||
| 167 | 10/30/15 | Yes | Canadian Researchers | General U.S. Population | Increased thyroid disruption in sensitive subpopulation of adults with high TPOAb and low iodine status | |||
| IX. LIVER FUNCTION | ||||||||
| 1 | 12/22/78 | No | DuPont | DuPont NJ Fluoroproducts Workers | Abnormal liver function | |||
| 2 | 3/15/79 | No | DuPont | DuPont NJ Fluoroproducts Workers | Abnormal liver function | No | ||
| 3 | 8/80 | Yes | 3M | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased SGOT | |||
| 4 | 1/28/81 | No | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased SGOT
Increased AP |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 7 | 5/28/82 | No | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | [no elevated liver enzymes] | |||
| 8 | 1/28/83 | No | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | [no elevated liver enzymes] | |||
| 12 | 1996 | Yes | Univ. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Altered SGOT, GGT, and SGPT dependant on alcohol & obesity levels | Yes | ||
| 13 | 8/5/96 | No | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased SGOT
Increased AP Increased LDH |
No
No No |
||
| 15 | 2000 | Yes | 3M | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | [No elevated liver enzymes] | |||
| 17 | 3/03 | Yes | 3M | 3M Belgium/Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased GGT
Increased AP Increased ALT |
Yes
Yes Yes |
||
| 19 | 8/04 | Yes | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased episodes of care for liver disorders | |||
| 24 | 8/06 | Yes | Univ. Penn. | Little Hocking OH Water Customers | [no liver associations found] | |||
| 26 | 4/2/07 | No | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased LDH
Decreased total bilirubin Increased serum aspartate aminotransferase |
|||
| 27 | 6/07 | Yes | 3M | 3M Alabama/Belgium/
Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers |
Decreased bilirubin
Increased Alkaline phosphatase Increased ALT/GGT |
Yes
Yes Yes |
||
| 30 | 8/07 | Yes | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Decreased total bilirubin
Increased AST |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 32 | 10/07 | Yes | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased GGT
Increased AST Increased ALT |
Yes
No No |
||
| 33 | 2008 | No | WVU | C8 WV/OH Settlement Population | Increased ALT
Increased AST/SGOT |
|||
| 40 | 3/09 | Yes | Mitini | Mitini Italian PFOA Workers | Decreased bilirubin
Increased ALT Increased GGT Increased ALP |
Yes
Yes Yes Yes |
||
| 53 | 12/15/09 | Yes | Taiwan Hospital | General U.S. Population | Increased ALT
Increased GGT |
Yes
No |
||
| 71 | 1/30/12 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased ALT
Altered bilirubin |
Yes | ||
| 103 | 6/12 | No | US EPA | General U.S. Population | Increased ALT | Yes | ||
| 120 | 10/26/12 | No | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | [No Probable Link found with liver disease] | |||
| 158 | 1/19/15 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased non-hepatitis liver disease | |||
| 172 | 3/15/16 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased ALT
Decreased bilirubin |
|||
| X. KIDNEY FUNCTION | ||||||||
| 13 | 8/5/96 | No | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased kidney disease incidence | No | ||
| 31 | 8/07 | Yes | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased death from kidney cancer | No | ||
| 70 | 10/18/12 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased death from kidney cancer
Increased death from chronic kidney disease |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 76 | 8/26/11 | Yes | WVU | General US Population | Increased chronic kidney disease | Yes | ||
| 95 | 2/12 | No | 3M | 3M Fluorochemical Workers | Increased chronic kidney disease | No | ||
| 105 | 3/11/13 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (Children) | Decreased eGFR (kidney function) | |||
| 119 | 10/26/12 | No | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | [No Probable Link found with chronic kidney disease] | |||
| XI. HORMONE EFFECTS | ||||||||
| 2 | 3/15/79 | No | DuPont | DuPont NJ Fluoroproducts Workers | Increased incidence of endocrine/metabolic disorders | Yes | ||
| 10 | 10/92 | No | Univ. Minn. | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased estrodiol
Decreased free testosterone Increased hemoglobin Increased mean cellular volume |
Yes
Yes Yes Yes |
||
| 14 | 7/98 | Yes | 3M | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Increased estradiol in high exposure group
Elevated 17-HP |
No
No |
||
| 26 | 4/2/07 | No | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased estradiol
Increased testosterone |
|||
| 160 | 3/26/15 | Yes | Taiwanese Researchers | General Taiwanese Population (Aged 12-30) | Decreased SHBG | Yes | ||
| 163 | 6/2/15 | Yes | Tenn. Researchers | General U.K. Population (15 years Old) | Increased testosterone following prenatal exposures | |||
| 173 | 8/16 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (Children Age 6-9) | Decreased testosterone in boys | |||
| XII. DEVELOPMENTAL/REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS | ||||||||
| 6 | 9/81 | No | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers | Increased birth defect incidence | Yes | ||
| 9 | 12/84 | No | DuPont | DuPont WV PFOA Workers – Males | CLAIMS of infertility among male workers – not pursued | |||
| 19 | 8/04 | Yes | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased episodes of care for:
•- Preterm labor •- Infertility |
|||
| 21 | 11/04-
2/05 |
No | UCLA | WW/OH C8 Community | Decreased age to menopause | |||
| 28 | 7/31/07 | Yes | Johns Hopkins | General US Population | Decreased birth weight
Decreased ponderal index Decreased head circumference |
Yes
Yes Yes |
||
| 29 | 8/16/07 | Yes | Univ. Cal. | General Danish Population | Decreased birth weight | Yes | ||
| 35 | 11/4/08 | Yes | Hokkaido Univ. (Japan) | General Sapporo Japan Population | [no effects on birth weight] | |||
| 38 | 1/28/09 | Yes | Univ. Cal. | General Danish population | Increased time to pregnancy | Yes | ||
| 41 | 3/2/09 | Yes | Univ. Denmark | General Danish population | Decreased normal sperm | Yes | ||
| 45 | 819/09 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased preeclampsia
Increased birth defects |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 49 | 10/28/09 | Yes | Univ. Alberta | General Alberta Canada Population | [no effect on birth weight] | |||
| 50 | 11/09 | Yes | Univ. Cincinnati | General OH/KY Population | Increased pubescent maturation in breasts of young girls | |||
| 54 | 2009 | Yes | Univ. Penn. | Little Hocking OH Water Customers | [no effects on birth weight] | |||
| 56 | 2010 | Yes | Univ. Penn. | Little Hocking OH Water Customers | Increased dysfunctional labor | Yes | ||
| 58 | 8/26/10 | Yes | Univ. Cal. | General Danish Population | Slightly increased risk of hospitalization for girls with highest prenatal PFOA exposure | No | ||
| 60 | 9/13/10 | Yes | Emory Univ. | General U.K. Population | Decreased time to menarche/puberty in girls | No | ||
| 62 | 10/12/10 | Yes | Danish Government | General Danish Population | Decreased baby weight in first year
Decreased baby body mass in first year |
Yes
Yes |
||
| 66 | 3/16/11 | Yes | WVU | WW/OH C8 Settlement Population | Decreased time to menopause | Yes | ||
| 61 | 5/2/11 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (children) | Increased time to reach puberty in girls | Yes | ||
| 69 | 7/11 | Yes | 3M | General NC Population | No significant effects on sperm quality | |||
| 72 | 5/12 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased preeclampsia
Slight increase in congenital heart defects [No other birth outcome effects] |
Yes | ||
| 74 | 8/2/11 | Yes | Korean Univ. | General S. Korean Population | [No association with birth weight] | |||
| 94 | 3/15/12 | Yes | Danish Univ. | General Greenland, Poland, Ukraine Population – Male | Slight increase in SHBG and TUNEL-positivity
[No other associations with sperm DNA fragmentation, apoptosis or reproductive hormones] |
No | ||
| 77 | 3/26/12 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Inconsistent decreased birth weight in highest exposure categories
Inconsistent reduced fetal growth Large, imprecise associations with preterm birth [No association with stillbirth, pregnancy-induced hypertension] |
|||
| 81 | 11/10/11 | Yes | NIEHS | General Norwegian Population | Increased subfecundity (time to pregnancy) in parous but not nulliparous women | Yes | ||
| 83-86, 88 | 12/5/11 | No | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Probable Link with pregnancy-induced hypertension/preeclampsia
[No Probable Link with miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, low birthweight, or birth defects] |
|||
| 92 | 2/3/12 | Yes | Danish/Icelandic Researchers | General Danish Population | Increased overweight status in female
children at age 20 |
Yes | ||
| 104 | 7/12 | Yes | Shantou Univ (China) | General Chinese Population living near electronic waste recycling area | Decreased gestational age
Decreased birth weight Decreased birth length Decreased Apgar scores |
Yes
Yes Yes Yes |
||
| 113 | 8/30/12 | Yes | Emory Univ. | General British Population | Decreased birth weight | |||
| 116 | 9/20/12 | Yes | Korean University Researchers | General Korean Population | Decreased birth weight
Decreased birth length Decreased ponderal index |
|||
| 117 | 11/12 | Yes | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Inst. Of Child Health and Human Health | General U.S. Population (Salt Lake City and San Francisco areas) | Increased endometriosis | |||
| 127 | 1/28/13 | Yes | Danish Univ. | General Danish Population (males 19-21 years old) | Decreased adjusted sperm concentration
Decreased total sperm count Increased luteinizing hormone (LH) Increased follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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| 133 | 7/9/13 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased pregnancy-induced hypertension | |||
| 138 | 10/15/13 | Yes | Danish Researchers | General Danish Population (Pregnant Women) | Increased time to menarche among daughters of exposed mothers | |||
| 139 | 10/25/13 | Yes | Danish Researchers | General Greenland/Poland/Ukraine Population (Pregnant Women) | Increased length of menstrual cycle | |||
| 141/146 | 11/26/13 [2/14 published] | Yes | NIEHS | General U.S. Population (Women ages 20-65) | Decreased time to menopause | Yes | ||
| 147 | 5/14 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased miscarriage risk at highest exposure levels | |||
| 151 | 8/15/14 | Yes | Shriver Nat. Inst. Of Child Health & Human Devel. | General U.S. Population | Decreased sperm with coiled tail | |||
| 161 | 4/7/15 | Yes | Danish Researchers | General Danish Population (Pregnant Women) | [No association between PFOA and miscarriage] | |||
| 165 | 6/26/15 | Yes | General Poland, Greenland, Ukraine Population (Infants) U.S. Population | Decreased birth weight | ||||
| 169 | 1/20/16 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH Settlement Population (Women 40+ years) | [No association with earlier age at menopause] | |||
| XIII. NEUROLOGICAL EFFECTS | ||||||||
| 2 | 3/15/79 | No | DuPont | DuPont NJ Fluoroproducts Workers | Increased mental/psychoneurotic disorders | Yes | ||
| 34 | 10/08 | Yes | Univ. Cal. | General Danish Population | [no effect on APGAR scores] | |||
| 57 | 6/15/10 | Yes | Boston Univ. | General U.S. Population (12-15 Year-Olds) | Increased self-report of ADHD | Yes | ||
| 63 | 11/9/10 | Yes | Univ. Cal. | General Danish Population (Children) | [no effect on behavioral/motor coordination at age 7] | |||
| 64 | 10/1/11 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (5-18 Year-Olds) | Increased self-reported ADHD with medication in children at lower exposure levels with decreased level at highest exposure level | |||
| 108 | 7/30/12 | No | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (Children) | [No Probable Link found with neurodevelopmental disorders] | |||
| 122 | 10/26/12 | No | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | [No Probable Link found with Parkinson’s Disease] | |||
| 123 | 10/24/12 | Yes | Harvard Univ. | General U.S. Population (60-85-year olds) | Decreased self-reported cognitive limitation | Yes | ||
| 131 | 7/13 | Yes | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population (Children) | [No adverse neurological associations found in children tested] | |||
| 156 | 12/16/14 | Yes | Univ. Cincinnati | General U.S. Population | Increased hypotonic categorization in infants | |||
| 157 | 12/19/14 | Yes | Univ. California (L.A.) | General Danish Population | [No increased risk of ADHD or autism] | |||
| 166 | 10/13/15 | Yes | General Population (Infants at 6 and 18 months) | Decreased neurodevelopment scores in females at 6 months | ||||
| 170 | 1/28/16 | Yes | Univ. Cincinnati | General Cincinnati, Ohio Population (Mother-Child Pairs) | [No association with executive function deficits in school-age children] | |||
| XIV. PANCREATIC EFFECTS | ||||||||
| 15 | 2000 | Yes | 3M | 3M Minnesota Fluorochemical Workers | Decreased CCK | No | ||
| 19 | 8/04 | Yes | 3M | 3M Alabama Fluorochemical Workers | Increased episodes of care for:
•- acute pancreatitis •- pancreatitis |
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| 43 | 4/7/09 | Yes | Danish Cancer Society | General Danish Population | Increased risk of pancreatic cancer in highest exposure group | No | ||
| XV. OSTEOARTHRITIS EFFECTS | ||||||||
| 68 | 6/27/11 | Yes | WVU | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | Increased osteoarthritis | Yes | ||
| 121 | 10/26/12 | No | C8 Science Panel | WV/OH C8 Settlement Population | [No Probable Link found with osteoarthritis] | |||
| 128 | 2/8/13 | Yes | Yale | General US Population (20-84 year olds) | Increased osteoarthritis in women | Yes | ||
| 153 | 2/15 | Yes | UK Researchers | General UK Population | Reduced parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R) gene in women | |||
| 164 | 6/9/15 | Yes | Ohio Researchers | General U.S. Population | Increased osteoporosis in women | |||